Bony Anatomy
- Each of the following landmarks will be discussed throughout
the semester. You are responsible for knowing where to palpate
each of these structures on yourself or a partner. You will be
assessed by taking four quizzes on this information
Foot
and Ankle:
- Know the five phalanges and metatarsals and know the numbers
of each. Know that the group of bones proximal to the metatarsals
are known as the tarsals,
of which there are seven.
- The four lateral toes each are made up of three bones known as
phalanges. These bones are termed the distal, inter and proximal
phalanges as one moves from the tip of the toe toward the
heel.
- The calcaneus is the heel bone. The talus is located just
above (superior) it.
- Cuneiform one is proximal to metatarsal one. Cuneiform two is
proximal to metatarsal two. Cuneiform three is proximal to
metatarsal three. Cuboid is proximal to metatarsals four and
five.
- The parts of the metatarsals closest to the toes are known as
the heads of the metatarsals. These are the bones you bear weight
on when going up on your toes. The other ends of the metatarsals
are known as the base of the metatarsals. You should be able to
easily feel the base of the fifth metatarsal, the most commonly
fractured bone in the body.
- The joint between the talus and the tibia and fibula is the
ankle joint and allows motion of the foot up and down. The joint
between the talus and the calcaneus is known as the subtalar
joint and permits side to side motion.
- There are two bones in the lower leg. The largest is the tibia
and the smaller is the fibula. At the distal end of each of these
bones are the ankle bones or malleoli (malleolus for one). The
bump on the inside is the medial malleolus of the tibia, while the
other is the lateral malleolus of the fibula.
- The end of the fibula closest to the knee is known as the head
of fibula. The larger bump on the proximal end of the tibia
directly below the knee cap (patella) is the tibial tubercle.
- Take a quiz
and see what you know. You will need to install
shockwave if you don't already have it.
Knee
and Thigh
- The knee cap is more properly known as the patella and sits on
top of the largest bone in the body, the femur.
- The joint between the tibia and femur is the knee
joint while the joint between the patella and the femur is
known as the patello-femoral joint.
- The femur, like the tibia and fibula, swells at its distal end
(the end by the knee) to form two large wheel-like shapes known as
the femoral
condyles. The condyles allow the knee to glide on the flat
surface of the tibia. The tibia is deepened by two "C-shaped"
structures known commonly as cartilage and more properly as the
medial
and lateral menisci (meniscus for one).
- At the medial and lateral edges of these condyles are small
bumps where ligaments attach. These are known as the medial and
lateral epicondyles of the femur.
- The medial
and lateral collateral ligaments attach on the epicondyles and
prevent the knee from going side to side.
Hip
and Pelvis
- At the proximal (top) end of the femur are two bumps. The bump
at "in-seem" level and the widest part of your hip is the
greater
trochanter. And if there is a greater trochanter, there must
be a lesser trochanter. The lesser trochanter cannot be palpated,
but is the attachment of a strong muscle that allows you to lift
your leg (iliopsoas).
- The pelvis is made up of three bones: ilium,
ischium, pubis. There is a set of each on the left and right
sides of the pelvis
- The hip joint is a ball and socket joint. The ball is really
the head of the femur and the socket is known as the acetabulum
and is made up each of the three bones of the pelvis.
- Three big landmarks you should know: The iliac crest is the
top of the hip region. The bones you sit on are known as the
ischial tuberosities, and the bone in the crotch region is known
as the pubic bones. The joint where the pubic bones come together
is known as the pubic
symphysis.
Shoulder
- The shoulder blade is properly known as the scapula
while the collar bone is called the clavicle.
- The shoulder blade or bony bump on the scapula is known as the
spine of the scapula. Another bump on the scapula is found just
below the inward curve of the clavicle and is known as the
coracoid process.
- The bony top of the shoulder is called the acromion process
and is just a thickened end to the scapular spine.
- The shoulder, like the hip is a ball and socket joint and the
socket is known as the glenoid
fossa of scapula. The ball consists of the head of the
humerus.
- The attachment of the lateral end of the clavicle with the
acromion forms a joint known as the acromio-clavicular or AC
joint. When this joint is sprained it is called a separated
shoulder.
- The attachment of the medial clavicle with the sternum forms a
joint known as the sterno-clavicular or SC joint.
- The elbow is
made up of the humerus and ulna.
- There are two bones in the forearm: the radius and the
ulna.
- The humerus has a head and condyles just like the femur. The
condyles of the humerus are known as the medial and lateral
condyles and more specifically as the troclea
(medially) and capitellum (laterally).
- Like the femur, there are two bumps on the medial and lateral
sides of the condyles. These are known as the medial and lateral
epicondyles and are bumps where ligaments attach. What might their
names be?
Hand
and Wrist
- Like the foot, the hand has phalanges numbered 1-5, and
metacarpals numbered the same.
- The hand has eight carpal
bones that lay in two rows of four. The trapezium like the
first cuneiform is directly proximal to the first metacarpal
(thumb), while the trapezoid is just proximal to metacarpal two.
Understand this relationship between foot and hand.
- The capitate is located just proximal to the third metacarpal
while the hamate is proximal to the fourth and fifth metacarpals
(like three cuneiform and cuboid).
- The proximal row of carpals consists of the navicular,
triquetrum, pisiform, and lunate. Refer to illustrations to view
these.
Spine
- The backbone or spine is divided up into regions. These are
the cervical (neck area), thoracic (rib region), lumbar (low
back), sacral, and coccyx.
- There are seven cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five
sacrum (fused) four coccyx vertebrae.
- The vertebrae
can be subdivided into the following parts: vertebral body,
lamina, pedicle, transverse and spinous process.
- The vertebral arch consists of the lamina and pedicles and
forms a covering or hood over the vertebral body. The hole inside
is called the vertebral canal and is the passageway where the
spinal cord runs.
Head
and face
- The bones of the forehead are known as the frontal bones. The
parietal bones form the top of the head. The temporal bones are
located around the ear region and the occipital bones are found in
the back of the head.
- The jaw bone is more properly known as the mandible. The bones
that the upper teeth anchor into are the maxillary bones and the
cheek bones are known as the zygoma bones.
- The nose is made up of both bone and cartilage. The bony
portion is consists of the nasal.